Host plant effects on the functional response of Stethorus gilvifrons to strawberry spider mites

The functional response of adult females of the coccinellid beetle Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant to juveniles of strawberry spider mite, Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski was determined on cowpea, castor bean and cucumber leaves in the laboratory at 25°C and a 14 h L: 10 h D photoperiod. Beetles were isolated singly for 24 h in 9-cm Petri dishes with either 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 nymphal stages of T. turkestani. Results showed a typical type II response on all plants tested, with up to 110.7, 100.8, and 53.0 prey attacked when 128 nymphal stages were provided on cowpea, castor bean, and cucumber leaves, respectively. Based on the Rogers random attack equation, the highest estimated attack rate and the lowest handling time were obtained on cowpea. It was therefore concluded that the host plant species can affect the predation rate and functional response components of S. gilvifrons, a specific and effective predator of spider mites.     

不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

为明确饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫 Stethorus (Allosstethorus) parapauperculus 控害潜能的影响,本研究通过比较不同饥饿程度下拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨 Tetranychus cinnabarinus 的功能反应和自身密度干扰效应,探讨不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明,饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫朱砂叶螨的捕食量有明显的影响,瓢虫的取食量与朱砂叶螨的密度呈正相关,表现为饥饿48 h＞饥饿24 h＞未饥饿;拟小食螨瓢虫对各虫态朱砂叶螨的捕食作用均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。在一定空间范围内,拟小食螨瓢虫个体间存在竞争和相互干扰,Hassell Varley模型能较好地反映拟小食螨瓢虫在捕食各虫态朱砂叶螨时受自身密度的干扰情况。在同样饥饿状态下,随着瓢虫自身密度增加,捕食效率降低,干扰效应增大。     

Improving the Control of Tetranychus urticae on Edible Glasshouse Crops Using a Specialist Coccinellid ( Stethorus punctillum Weise) and a Generalist Mite ( Amblyseius californicus McGregor) as Biocontrol Agents

Current glasshouse biological control practice relies on regular prophylactic introductions of one or two 'best' species of natural enemy. Whilst this is effective for much of the time, occasional failures occur due to factors such as differences in response to seasonal changes in environmental conditions and/or host plant effects. This study looks at the predatory behaviour of a specialist coccinellid, Stethorus punctillum Weise, and a generalist mite, Amblyseius californicus McGregor (which predate on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae ) in order to assess how they responded to temperatures and relative humidities typical of glasshouse conditions on four edible crop plant species. Activity (distance covered, time spent walking, walking speed, angular velocity, and turning rate) was recorded at 20, 25 and 30 o C and at relative humidity (RH) levels of 33, 65 and 90%, on tomato, pepper, aubergine and cucumber leaves, and analysed using video-computer techniques. The results show that the activity of S. punctillum significantly increased at higher temperature levels. Host plant species also strongly influenced the performance of the predator, with it being most active on pepper and tomato and least active on aubergines. RH had no significant influence. The activity and predation by A. californicus increased at low humidity levels, especially in terms of time spent moving and number of prey killed. Temperature levels had no significant influence, but host plant species strongly influenced the performance of the predator, which was most active on pepper, and least active on aubergines. Further research was conducted with semi-field trials to investigate the efficacy in controlling TSSM with different combination of predators. When contrasting the commercially available predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis , used alone, compared with its use in a treatment with a combination of predator species, there was a stronger decrease in TSSM numbers on the crop plants in the latter treatment.     

拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨的觅食行为

为明确拟小食螨瓢虫的觅食特性,揭示其觅食行为机制,本研究针对拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨不同虫态的取食选择、日取食节律以及觅食行为活动特点等进行了观察和阐述。结果表明,拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨的取食嗜好性有显著差异,取食量分别为23.2、15.8、10.5和8.0头;瓢虫对成螨的平均日取食量为14.7头,其中在白天其觅食行为较频繁,9∶00-12∶00为捕食高峰期,此时段的平均取食量为4.0头成螨,夜间基本不取食;其觅食行为过程主要分为7个部分:搜索、捕捉、嚼食、梳理、展翅、排泄和静止。     

温度对拟小食螨瓢虫捕食皮氏叶螨成螨功能反应的影响

在5个温度(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃)条件下,测定了拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫对皮氏叶螨成螨的捕食功能反应。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,各温度下的功能反应均能用Holling圆盘方程(Ⅱ型)拟合,但各温度间功能反应的参数存在差异。以瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间为评价指标,在16℃～28℃,拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫对皮氏叶螨成螨的捕食效能随温度的上升而提高,28℃时达到最高,此时的瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间分别为0.5899和0.0169d。温度上升至32℃时,捕食效能略为下降,此时的瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间分别为0.5740和0.0184d,与28℃时的瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间差异不显著。表明较高温度有利于拟小食螨瓢虫发挥对皮氏叶螨成螨的控制作用。在试验的密度和温度范围内,以三次多项方程描述了在不同猎物密度和温度组合下拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫对皮氏叶螨成螨的捕食作用,以软件Surfer8.0生成了皮氏叶螨成螨密度和温度组合下的拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫捕食量模拟值等值线图。同时,还对拟小食螨瓢虫在热带作物害虫生物防治中的应用潜力进行了讨论。     

深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

本文通过室内对深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum Weise和塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Priesener成虫捕食朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)成螨的功能反应及种内干扰作用的研究,比较了2种天敌对朱砂叶螨的捕食能力。结果表明,深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的捕食功能反应均属HollingⅡ型,其模型分别为Na=0.7181N0/(1+0.0175N0)和Na=0.5168N0/(1+0.0136N0),日最大捕食量分别为41.11头和38.14头,处置时间分别为0.0243和0.0262d。深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马种内干扰模型分别为E=0.1916P-0.1805和E=0.1535P-0.4684。深点食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的捕食能力强于塔六点蓟马。     

Pesticide Susceptibility of Two Coccinellids (Stethorus punctum picipes and Harmonia axyridis) Important in Biological Control of Mites and Aphids in Washington Hops

The susceptibility of Stethorus punctum picipes (Casey) and Harmonia axyridis Pallas larvae to pesticides used or with potential for use in Washington hops, was examined in laboratory bioassays. All pesticides tested except the miticide, hexythiazox, the insecticides, chlorpyrifos and pirimicarb, and the fungicide, mycobutanil, produced 100% mortality in S. punctum picipes at concentrations equivalent to field rates. The insecticides, pirimicarb, endosulfan, and thiamethoxam were least toxic to H. axyridis. Bifenthrin, diazinon, dimethoate, methomyl, carbaryl, malathion, phosmet, imidacloprid, and chlorpyrifos were highly toxic. The miticides, abamectin and fenpyroximate were highly toxic, milbemectin was moderately toxic but all other miticides tested were non-toxic. All fungicides had low toxicity. Selection and use of pesticides compatible with natural enemies and conservation biological control in Washington hop production is discussed.     

温度对拟小食螨瓢虫发育和繁殖的影响

拟小食螨瓢虫是热带地区香蕉、番木瓜、橡胶和木薯等作物上有害叶螨的重要天敌。在室内条件下,以皮氏叶螨Tetranychus piercei为食物,观察了不同温度(16℃,20℃,24℃,28℃,32℃)对拟小食螨瓢虫生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明:拟小食螨瓢虫卵、幼虫和蛹的历期在32℃下最短,分别为2.38,4.26和3.04 d;16℃时最长,分别为12.48,25.10和16.12 d,雌成虫寿命在16℃时长达142.53 d,而在32℃时为95.46 d。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.29℃和227.63日度。成虫产卵量在28℃最高,达595.49粒/雌,在16℃最低,为125.05粒/雌。内禀增长率(rm)在32℃达到最大(0.2063),而在16℃时最小(0.0342)。结果表明拟小食螨瓢虫有较好的高温耐受性,研究结果可为该瓢虫人工繁育的温度条件提供依据。     

不同饥饿程度的拟小食螨瓢虫成虫摄食朱砂叶螨前后的运动格局变化

【目的】对比分析饥饿和未饥饿的拟小食螨瓢虫Stethorus parapauperculus成虫取食朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus前后的运动格局变化,为探明其搜索行为的生态学机制提供参考。【方法】基于Nakamuta装置原理,跟踪并绘制拟小食螨瓢虫成虫取食前后的运动轨迹,采用ArcGIS空间分析模块对运动轨迹进行处理,获取其统计参数,对比分析该瓢虫在两种状态下取食前后的搜索距离、搜索速度、搜索角度变化等特征,并阐述其搜索行为特性。【结果】饥饿24 h和未饥饿瓢虫取食单头朱砂叶螨所需时间分别为(5.99±0.91)min和(2.25±0.58)min。饥饿24 h的瓢虫在取食前多呈直线或锐角行走,运动轨迹主要分布于试验区域近边缘处,且各停点间曲线距离、搜索速度均大于取食后;取食后掉头次数频繁,活动角度转换增大,运动轨迹主要在猎物附近区域进行搜索,且在取食后60~75 s的搜索距离、搜索速度与取食前均存在显著差异。未饥饿状态瓢虫取食前后运动轨迹角度波动较大,无明显规律,且各停点间的曲线长度、搜索速度经t检验无显著差异。【结论】拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对猎物的搜索行为受其饥饿状态的影响。饥饿状态下,取食前为广域型搜索,取食后一段时间内为地域集中型搜索;未饥饿状态下的瓢虫取食前后的搜索行为则无明显规律,其搜索类型兼有广域和地域集中型搜索特征,具有一定随机性。     

Life-history traits of the acarophagous lady beetle,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Stethorus japonicus</Emphasis> at three constant temperatures

Stethorus japonicusKamiya (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an indigenous ladybird beetle in Japan, which feeds on many spider mite species. We evaluated the development, survivorship and life-history parameters of this lady beetle on a diet of eggs of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (red form) (Acari: Tetranychidae). In addition, the effect of short photoperiod on its reproduction was assessed. Survival rates from egg to adult were more than 71% at temperatures between 17.5 and 30 °C. The highest immature mortality was 100% at 35 °C followed by 76% at 15 °C and 52% at 32.5 °C. The lower threshold temperature for development from egg to egg-laying adult was 13.0 °C and the thermal constant was calculated as 238.7° days. Based on these data, the maximum number of generations that could complete development in a year under field conditions in Ibaraki, central Japan, would be between five and seven. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (r_m) were 0.093 at 20 °C, 0.156 at 25 °C and 0.241 at 30 °C. Reproductive diapause was induced at photoperiods with light phases shorter than 13 h at 18 °C.